Home Blog Page 54

Indonesia Weighs China’s Offer of Battle-Tested J-10 Fighter Jets Amid Modernization Push

0

Indonesia is considering a Chinese offer to purchase J-10 fighter jets, a deal that could mark a significant deepening of its defense ties with Beijing. The J-10s, which were recently battle-tested in Pakistan’s clashes with India over Kashmir, are now under review by Indonesian defense officials.

Deputy Defense Minister Donny Ermawan Taufanto confirmed during a public discussion in Jakarta that the aircraft were offered during a recent visit by Indonesian Air Force personnel to China. However, he clarified that the offer remains preliminary and that no technical evaluation team has been dispatched to Beijing yet. “This is just an offer,” Taufanto stated.

The possible procurement is part of a broader military modernization effort under President Prabowo Subianto, who has emphasized diversifying suppliers and maintaining Indonesia’s diplomatic neutrality. The country is already pursuing a separate deal for French Rafale jets and has also been involved in South Korea’s KF-21 jet development program.

Developed by Avic Chengdu Aircraft Co Ltd., the J-10 is a single-engine, multirole fighter jet widely used by China’s air force and inducted into service by Pakistan in 2022. Its deployment was seen as a direct response to India’s acquisition of Rafale jets. A successful Indonesian deal would mark the first time the Southeast Asian nation procures fighter aircraft from China, though it has previously acquired Chinese munitions and surveillance equipment.

Taufanto reiterated that Indonesia’s defense procurement policy remains pragmatic and non-aligned. “If we find that the jet performs well, meets our criteria, and comes at a good price, why not?” he said. “We’re not bound by any alliance, so we can source weapons from any country, including China.”

As global military spending rises amid ongoing conflicts such as the war in Ukraine, Indonesia’s move reflects its intent to balance strategic autonomy with rapid defense capability enhancement. Indonesia is also reportedly revisiting plans to purchase F-15EX jets from Boeing and has expressed interest in Turkey’s next-generation KAAN fighter program.

MoS Defence Sanjay Seth Announces 3 Lakh Cadet Expansion of NCC

0

In a significant push to strengthen youth engagement and national service, Union Minister of State for Defence Sanjay Seth announced a massive expansion of the National Cadet Corps (NCC) by adding three lakh new cadets across the country. The declaration was made during the inauguration of a key conference of Special Joint State Representatives and Additional/Deputy Directors General (JS R&A/D) of NCC held in Bhopal.

Addressing the gathering, Seth highlighted the transformative role of the NCC in fostering nationalism, discipline, and service among India’s youth. “The NCC instills a spirit of nationalism and service. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has resolved to raise the number of cadets to between 17 and 20 lakh. With the support of all states, we will soon achieve this target,” the minister said.

The Ministry of Defence later confirmed that several state governments have already shown support for the expansion and are fast-tracking the creation of training infrastructure to accommodate the growing numbers.

Seth also announced key reforms aimed at improving the organisation, including the recruitment of ex-servicemen as instructors, providing new employment opportunities for military veterans while enhancing training quality. He praised the NCC’s contributions to flagship national initiatives such as the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Naya Savera, and Nasha Mukti Abhiyan.

Commending the NCC’s recent achievements, Seth congratulated the cadet team that successfully summited Mount Everest on May 18. “It’s a powerful example of cadet courage and resilience,” he noted.

Underscoring the need for strong Centre-State cooperation, Seth called on state governments to meet their commitments in terms of manpower, infrastructure, and funding. He urged them to accelerate efforts to meet the targets of the NCC expansion plan.

Director General of NCC, Lt Gen Gurbirpal Singh, also addressed the conference and shared the organisation’s roadmap for growth. He emphasized the need for improved training and camping infrastructure and underlined plans to boost youth participation and cadet performance nationwide.

The Bhopal conference marks a pivotal moment for the NCC, reinforcing its role as a national pillar for youth development and defence preparedness.

Dassault Aviation and Tata Partner to Manufacture Rafale Fuselage in India

0

In a significant boost to India’s defense manufacturing ambitions, French aerospace giant Dassault Aviation has partnered with Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL) to manufacture the fuselage of Rafale fighter jets in Hyderabad. This is the first time the Rafale’s fuselage will be produced outside France, marking a major milestone under India’s “Make in India” initiative.

Press Release
Press Release

The partnership was formalized through four Production Transfer Agreements signed on June 5 in Saint-Cloud, France, and Mumbai. The agreements pave the way for a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility in Hyderabad, which will begin production in FY2028. The plant will be responsible for producing critical structural components of the Rafale, including the central fuselage, front section, rear fuselage, and lateral shells.

Dassault Aviation CEO Eric Trappier described the deal as a “decisive step” in reinforcing Dassault’s industrial base in India. He emphasized that the growing strength of Indian partners like TASL will enable the company to scale up production while maintaining high standards of quality and competitiveness.

Sukaran Singh, CEO and Managing Director of TASL, said the project reflects deep international confidence in India’s defense production capabilities. “Manufacturing the full Rafale fuselage in India is a testament to the maturity and strength of our aerospace ecosystem. It also signals the deepening of our trusted partnership with Dassault Aviation,” he stated.

The collaboration builds upon India’s increasing reliance on French military technology. In April 2025, India signed a $7.4 billion deal to procure 26 Rafale jets for its Navy. The Indian Air Force already operates 36 Rafale fighters, which have significantly upgraded the country’s air power. The new Hyderabad facility will serve not just domestic defense needs but will also supply components to global markets, expanding India’s role in the international aerospace industry.

The project is expected to generate around 2,700 direct jobs annually and involve over 50 Indian companies in its supply chain, stimulating innovation and economic growth.

This development comes at a time when India is seeking to diversify away from traditional defense suppliers and assert its position in a geopolitically volatile region, amid rising tensions with China and Pakistan. Dassault Aviation has delivered over 120 Rafales globally, with 70% of its current output destined for exports.

The Indo-French agreement marks a turning point in India’s efforts to achieve strategic autonomy in defense production, showcasing the country’s readiness to move from being a buyer to becoming a global manufacturer of cutting-edge military platforms.

‘Fraud Marshal’: Asim Munir Mocked by Pakistani Diaspora with Times Square Billboard

0

A viral video showing a truck-mounted digital billboard in New York’s iconic Times Square has sparked intense online debate, as members of the Pakistani diaspora publicly mocked Pakistan Army Chief General Asim Munir with scathing labels like “Fraud Marshal” and “Liar.” The display, rotating through several messages, also targeted former President Asif Ali Zardari and former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, calling them “two crooks.”

Shared widely on social media platform X, including by journalist Aditya Raj Kaul, the footage reveals a coordinated protest that has resonated across political and military discourse in Pakistan. Critics described it as a moment of “international bezatti” (humiliation), reflecting growing anger among overseas Pakistanis over recent military failures and political unrest.

The billboard accused Munir of self-interest, illegitimacy, and deception. Other rotating messages included: “The Deceiver & His Two Crooks,” “Fraud Marshal,” “Liar, Why Don’t You Take a Poll,” and “Real Hero Standing With Imran Khan,” suggesting support for jailed former Prime Minister Imran Khan. Another segment showed Khan behind bars with the message, “Illegally Detained for 2 Years,” highlighting perceptions of judicial and military overreach.

The backlash comes in the aftermath of Pakistan’s military losses during India’s Operation Sindoor in May 2025. Launched following the Pahalgam terror attack in Kashmir that killed 26 civilians, the Indian Air Force carried out precision strikes on terror camps in Pakistan and PoK. High-value targets linked to Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Hizbul Mujahideen, and The Resistance Front were neutralized, including JeM commander Abdul Rauf Azhar and family members of Masood Azhar. The Pakistani military reportedly suffered significant losses, leading to a ceasefire request within 72 hours.

Despite the setback, General Munir was controversially promoted to Field Marshal — a five-star rank rarely conferred and last held in 1959 — prompting allegations of undeserved recognition. On social media, he is now being derisively referred to as “Failed Marshal.”

The episode underscores a deeper legitimacy crisis facing Pakistan’s military and political elite, with diaspora-led protests emerging as a powerful new front of opposition.

What Is the Kinzhal Missile? Russia’s Hypersonic Weapon Used in Mykolaiv Strike

0

On June 3, 2025 – Russia launched its Kinzhal hypersonic missile at the Ukrainian port city of Mykolaiv, marking the first recorded use of this advanced missile system on the southern front since the full-scale war began in 2022. The strike, which disrupted critical infrastructure and triggered air raid sirens across the region, has renewed global focus on Russia’s high-speed, precision-strike weapons. But what exactly is the Kinzhal missile, and why is its use in Ukraine significant?

Also Read: Russia Launches Hypersonic ‘Kinzhal’ Missile at Mykolaiv in First Strike on Southern Ukrainian City

What Is the Kinzhal Hypersonic Missile?

The Kh-47M2 Kinzhal, also known as “Dagger,” is a nuclear-capable hypersonic missile developed by Russia to penetrate sophisticated missile defense systems. First showcased by President Vladimir Putin in 2018, the Kinzhal was designed to strike high-value targets at extreme speeds, making it difficult to detect and intercept. It is primarily launched from MiG-31K fighter jets and may also be integrated with Tu-22M3 bombers in the future.

Kinzhal Missile Specifications and Features

  • Type: Air-launched aeroballistic hypersonic missile.
  • Speed: Up to Mach 10 (~12,000 km/h).
  • Range: 1,500–2,000 km (MiG-31K), potentially over 3,000 km (Tu-22M3).
  • Warhead: Conventional or nuclear (approx. 480–500 kg).
  • Guidance System: Inertial navigation + GLONASS satellite positioning.
  • Launch Platforms: MiG-31K, Tu-22M3 (future), potentially MiG-41.
  • Primary Targets: Hardened bunkers, critical infrastructure, warships, NATO weapon depots.
  • Key Advantage: Extreme speed and mid-flight maneuverability, making it highly resistant to interception.
Mig And Kinzal
Mig 31K Carrying Kinzhal Missile.

Why Is the Kinzhal Missile Considered Hypersonic?

Hypersonic missiles are defined by their ability to travel at speeds exceeding Mach 5. The Kinzhal surpasses this threshold significantly by reaching up to Mach 10. Unlike traditional ballistic missiles, the Kinzhal is aeroballistic, allowing it to perform limited maneuvers in the upper atmosphere. This evasiveness makes it harder to track and shoot down, especially during the midcourse phase of its flight.

However, experts debate whether the Kinzhal qualifies as a “true” hypersonic weapon like a glide vehicle due to its trajectory being similar to modified Iskander ballistic missiles launched from the air.

Trajectory
Trajectories of Various Missiles.

How Does the Kinzhal Compare to Other Hypersonic Missiles?

FeatureKinzhal (Russia)Avangard (Russia)DF-ZF (China)ARRW (USA)
Launch PlatformAir-launched (MiG-31K)ICBM (boost-glide)Ballistic missile (HGV)Air-launched (B-52)
SpeedMach 10>Mach 20Mach 5–10Mach 5–8 (planned)
Range~2,000 km>6,000 km~2,000 km~1,600 km (planned)
WarheadNuclear/ConventionalNuclear onlyConventionalConventional
GuidanceInertial + GLONASSInertial + GLONASSInertial + BeiDouInertial + GPS

While the Kinzhal is faster and more flexible than many traditional missiles, it is considered less maneuverable than next-generation hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) like Avangard and DF-ZF.

Can the Kinzhal Be Intercepted?

Intercepting a Mach 10 missile is extremely difficult:

  • Patriot PAC-3, SAMP/T, and S-300/400 systems can engage fast targets but have limited success against maneuvering hypersonic missiles.
  • Ukraine claims successful interceptions, but Russia disputes the outcomes.
  • Experts say interception is possible only during final descent phase if precise tracking data is available.

This highlights a critical gap in current missile defense technology worldwide.

Conclusion

The Kinzhal missile strike on Mykolaiv represents a powerful demonstration of Russia’s long-range, precision hypersonic capability. Its deployment reflects the escalating sophistication of modern warfare and highlights serious vulnerabilities in existing defense systems.

As the global arms race shifts toward hypersonic dominance, understanding the Kinzhal’s role in the Russia–Ukraine war is essential to grasp the future of strategic deterrence and missile defense.

Madras Engineer Group Hosts Passing Out Parade for 568 Agniveers in Bengaluru

0

In a stirring display of military discipline and regimental pride, the Madras Engineer Group (MEG) & Centre, also known as the Madras Sappers, hosted the Passing Out Parade for 568 Agniveer recruits at its parade grounds in Bengaluru. The event marked the culmination of intensive training for the 5th batch of Agniveers, who are now prepared to join the ranks of the Indian Army.

The parade, set against the backdrop of the MEG’s historical campus, began with a ceremonial inspection led by senior Army officers. A Maruti Gypsy, a rugged vehicle symbolic of the Indian Army’s enduring traditions, was used during the review — a nod to the resilience and operational readiness that the Army demands from both its men and machines.

The Agniveers, resplendent in their ceremonial attire—featuring blue dooptas (turbans), gold and maroon jari bands, and white spats—marched with impeccable coordination, reflecting the high standards of the MEG training program. The parade ground echoed with commands, synchronized footsteps, and regimental tunes played by a military band, creating a powerful atmosphere of patriotism and pride.

One of the emotional highlights of the ceremony was the presentation of the Gaurav Padak, a medal awarded to the parents of Agniveers. This honor acknowledges the vital role played by families in supporting and encouraging their children to serve the nation. Parents beamed with pride as their sons marched past, transformed from civilians into soldiers.

Distinguished veterans, senior officers, and family members were in attendance, witnessing the symbolic transition of the young recruits into trained sappers. The occasion served not only as a milestone for the Agniveers but also as a celebration of the rich heritage of the Madras Sappers, one of the oldest and most decorated units in the Indian Army.

Founded in 1780 by the British, the Madras Sappers have a long and storied legacy. Referred to affectionately as “Thambi Sappers” (with “Thambi” meaning “younger brother” in Tamil), the regiment has played pivotal roles in numerous military operations, including Operation Polo in 1948, which led to the integration of Hyderabad into the Indian Union. Their regimental motto, “Sarvatra” (meaning “everywhere”), embodies their versatility and enduring service across varied terrains and roles.

During the parade, the regimental song “Vetri Vetri Ethilum Vetri Thambi” (“Victory, victory in everything, victory younger brother”) was played — capturing the spirit of unity, courage, and determination that defines the regiment’s ethos.

The inclusion of Agniveers into the regiment is part of the larger Agnipath scheme, launched in 2022, which aims to reshape the Indian Army through short-term recruitment of youth. These Agniveers will serve for four years, after which a select 25 percent may be offered permanent commission. The scheme has brought a new wave of energy and youth to the Army, and the successful training and integration of this batch stand as a testament to its implementation at the regimental level.

As the Agniveers prepare to take up their roles in service of the nation, the Passing Out Parade at MEG not only highlighted their transformation but also reinforced the Madras Sappers’ unwavering dedication to excellence, discipline, and the defence of India.

194 Agniveer Recruits Pass Out from Ladakh Scouts Regimental Centre in Proud Ceremony

0

In a proud and symbolic moment in the snow-clad region of Ladakh, 194 Agniveer recruits successfully passed out from the Ladakh Scouts Regimental Centre, joining the ranks of one of the Indian Army’s most elite and specialized infantry units. The event, marked by military precision and ceremonial splendour, was reviewed by Major General Gurpal Singh, YSM, SM, and attended by proud families, senior officers, and local dignitaries.

The recruits, now officially inducted into the Indian Army under the Agnipath scheme, have completed a rigorous and demanding training regimen tailored to the unique mountain warfare specialization of the Ladakh Scouts. They pledged unwavering loyalty and dedication to the nation, standing tall as the newest guardians of India’s most difficult and strategically vital frontiers.

Known as the “Snow Warriors” or “Snow Leopards”, the Ladakh Scouts are a distinct infantry regiment famed for their combat effectiveness in some of the harshest conditions on earth. From securing glacial heights during Operation Meghdoot in 1984 to ongoing deployments in the icy outposts of the Siachen Glacier and other forward posts along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), the regiment has a storied legacy of unmatched resilience and tactical excellence in high-altitude warfare.

Major General Gurpal Singh, addressing the parade, congratulated the young soldiers on their successful transformation into battle-ready warriors. He emphasized the vital role the Ladakh Scouts play in maintaining India’s territorial integrity in the Himalayan theatre and urged the new Agniveers to uphold the regiment’s proud traditions of courage, honour, and sacrifice.

This Passing Out Parade is part of the ongoing implementation of the Agniveer recruitment model, introduced by the Indian government in June 2022, aimed at transforming the armed forces into a leaner, younger, and more technologically proficient force. Under this model, recruits serve for a four-year term, after which 25% may be retained for long-term service based on merit and performance.

While the Agnipath scheme has generated both enthusiasm and debate across the country, this successful induction of Agniveers into the Ladakh Scouts showcases the Indian Army’s efforts to seamlessly integrate the new system into its regimental structure. Supporters view the scheme as a way to modernize the force, infuse youthful energy, and optimize defence expenditure. However, critics have raised concerns about long-term retention, training costs, and the potential erosion of regimental identity.

For the new Agniveers, though, the focus was firmly on the moment — a culmination of months of rigorous training at high altitudes, learning to navigate snowbound terrain, adapt to extreme cold, and master the principles of mountain warfare that define the Ladakh Scouts. The parade symbolized not just the end of training but the beginning of a commitment to serve India in one of its most hostile and geopolitically sensitive regions.

As the tricolour fluttered against the backdrop of the Himalayas and the newly minted soldiers marched with pride, the event reaffirmed the timeless spirit of India’s border warriors — resilient, disciplined, and ever-ready.

4 Para SF GOC IX Corps Lt Gen Pushpendra Pal Singh Conferred Ati Vishisht Seva Medal by President of India

0

In a ceremonious gathering at Rashtrapati Bhavan, Lt. General Pushpendra Pal Singh, one of the Indian Army’s most accomplished officers, was awarded the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal (AVSM) by the Hon’ble President of India. The award, given in recognition of his “distinguished service of an exceptional order” during peacetime, marks a high point in the General’s illustrious military career and serves as a testament to his enduring commitment to the defence of the nation.

A veteran of the elite 4 Para (Special Forces), Lt. General Singh has built a stellar reputation over decades of service marked by operational brilliance, strategic foresight, and inspirational leadership. Since 2022, he has served as the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the Rising Star Corps (IX Corps), a vital formation of the Indian Army’s Western Command headquartered in Chandimandir, Haryana. The IX Corps, established in 2005, holds responsibility for key frontier states including Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and parts of Jammu and Kashmir, making it one of the most strategically significant Corps in the Indian Army’s organisational structure.

Lt Gen Pushpendra

Under Lt. General Singh’s command, IX Corps has not only maintained a high state of operational readiness but has also strengthened civil-military coordination, infrastructure development in border areas, and the morale of troops deployed in difficult terrain. His leadership has been particularly appreciated in the context of evolving security dynamics along India’s western borders and the increasing importance of rapid deployment and counter-terror capabilities.

Prior to his command of IX Corps, Lt. General Singh held several high-profile appointments, including key instructional and command roles at the Infantry School in Mhow and the Strategic Forces Command — the tri-services formation responsible for managing India’s strategic and nuclear arsenal. His time in these institutions reflects a deep engagement with both the tactical and strategic aspects of modern military operations. His early career with 4 Para (SF) is also noteworthy; officers in this elite regiment are known for their participation in some of the most critical counter-insurgency and cross-border operations carried out by the Indian Army.

The Ati Vishisht Seva Medal, instituted on January 26, 1960, originally as the Vishisht Seva Medal, Class II, is among the highest peacetime gallantry and service decorations in India. Awarded to all ranks of the armed forces, including reserves and territorial units, the AVSM honours distinguished service of a very high order and is often seen as the peacetime equivalent of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal. The medal features a five-pointed star on the obverse and the Lion Capital on the reverse, made in silver gilt. It can also be conferred posthumously.

The award ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan was a grand display of military tradition and national pride. Attended by the three service chiefs, senior military officers, decorated veterans, and family members of awardees, the ceremony underscored the honour and respect that the nation bestows upon its armed forces. The President, as the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces, has traditionally played a central role in conferring such honours, reinforcing the importance of civilian oversight and constitutional recognition of military service.

Lt. General Pushpendra Pal Singh’s recognition with the AVSM comes at a time when the Indian Army is undergoing significant transformation — with an increasing emphasis on technology-driven warfare, joint operations, and enhanced combat readiness. Leaders like him, with proven credentials in both field operations and strategic command, are instrumental in guiding the force through this critical phase of evolution.

His journey from the demanding regimental life of a Special Forces officer to the apex of military leadership reflects not only personal grit and excellence but also the meritocratic ethos of the Indian Army. Officers and men across the ranks have lauded the recognition of General Singh, seeing in his award a reaffirmation of the Army’s tradition of honouring service, discipline, and sacrifice.

As he continues to serve in a pivotal command position, Lt. General Singh remains a figure of inspiration for countless young officers and soldiers across the country. His career, marked by bold decisions, strategic clarity, and unwavering dedication, stands as a reminder of the values that the Indian Army holds dear — duty, honour, and country.

Subedar Major Ojit Singh Appointed as First Command Subedar Major of Northern Command

0

In a significant development aimed at enhancing the role of Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) and Other Ranks (ORs) in the Indian Army’s decision-making structure, Subedar Major Ojit Singh of 3 Assam Regiment has been appointed as the first Command Subedar Major (Comd SM) of the Northern Command. The appointment marks a new chapter in institutional leadership and troop engagement within the Army.

This landmark position was created following the directive of the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), who ordered the establishment of Command Subedar Major posts across all Army Commands, as well as at the COAS level. The initiative draws inspiration from the role of the Senior Sergeant Major in Western militaries and is designed to establish a formal communication channel between the senior-most Army leadership and the JCOs/ORs who form the Army’s operational core.

As Command Subedar Major, Ojit Singh will serve in an advisory capacity to the Army Commander on all matters related to JCOs and ORs. This advisory role mirrors that of the Colonel Military Secretary (Col MS), who handles officer-level affairs. His insights will be crucial in shaping policy, morale, training standards, and personnel welfare from the grassroots level.

In addition to advisory duties, the Command SM will play a direct role in operational reviews. He will accompany the Army Commander during visits to units and formations, holding dedicated sessions with JCOs and ORs to assess ground realities and convey feedback to the command leadership.

The appointment is expected to institutionalize a deeper level of trust and coordination between Army Headquarters and the field units, especially in strategically critical areas under the Northern Command’s jurisdiction. It also signals a growing recognition of the importance of JCOs and ORs in shaping the future direction of the force.

Subedar Major Ojit Singh, known for his professionalism and vast field experience, brings immense credibility to this role. His tenure as the first Command SM is being viewed as a historic step that could set a precedent for future military leadership models in the Indian Army.

BSF Jawan Tied to Tree by Bangladeshi Villagers, Released After Flag Meeting

0

A Border Security Force (BSF) jawan stationed at the India-Bangladesh border in West Bengal’s Malda district was briefly held captive by villagers in Bangladesh after reportedly crossing the border inadvertently during a night patrol. The jawan, identified as Constable Shri Ganesh of BSF Battalion No. 71, was released after a prompt flag meeting between Indian and Bangladeshi border forces.

The incident came to light when a video surfaced online early Wednesday morning showing Constable Ganesh tied to a banana tree in a village in Chapai Nawabganj district of Bangladesh. In the video, angry locals are seen surrounding the jawan and threatening him with dire consequences, accusing him of trespassing. According to reports, Ganesh had unintentionally crossed into Bangladeshi territory near the Noorpur border outpost while on night patrol duty.

Sources said the villagers forcibly dragged him deeper into their territory before eventually handing him over to the Border Guard Bangladesh (BGB). The BSF acted swiftly by initiating communication with their counterparts and organizing a flag meeting to resolve the situation diplomatically.

“Following the flag meeting between the BSF and BGB, the jawan was safely returned. We are conducting an internal inquiry into the circumstances of his accidental crossing,” a senior BSF official confirmed.

The incident has triggered sharp reactions on social media, with many questioning the safety protocols in place for border patrols and expressing concern over the treatment meted out to the Indian jawan.

The BSF has reiterated its commitment to safeguarding the international border while avoiding any escalation with neighboring forces. The South Bengal Frontier remains on heightened alert, and both countries are expected to review joint protocols to prevent such incidents in the future.