The Chief of Army Staff (CoAS) is the paramount position in the Indian Army, established through the Commanders-In-Chief (Change in Designation) Act of 1955. The CoAS oversees the world’s largest army, advising the Prime Minister, President, and the Ministry of Defence.
The Indian Army, initially the British Indian Army, was founded on 1st April 1895. Field Marshal Kodandera M. Cariappa became the first Indian Army Chief in 1949. Currently, the position is held by General Manoj Pande, who assumed office on 30th April 2022.
The CoAS’s tenure is either three years or until the age of 62, whichever is earlier. The role is supported by the Vice Chief of Army Staff, presently Lieutenant General M. V. Suchindra Kumar. The highest rank across all defense branches is the Chief of Defence Staff, with Lt. General Anil Chauhan currently holding the post.
CoAS Responsibilities and Roles
Indian Army, the world’s largest army, boasts of 12 lakh active and 9 lakh reserve troops. The Chief of Army Staff presides over this massive force and has pivotal responsibilities, including:
Serving as the chief advisor to the Prime Minister, President, and the Ministry of Defence.
Overseeing ground operations and defense strategies.
Ensuring the security and safety of the nation’s borders.
First Army Chief of India
The Indian Army was established on 1st April 1895. Formerly termed as the British Indian Army until January 1949, its legacy is rich and significant. The pioneering Commander-in-Chief was General Sir Robert Lockhart, while Field Marshal Kodandera M. Cariappa had the honor of being the first Indian Commander-in-Chief.
Current Chief of Army Staff CoAS
Current Indian Army Chief: General Manoj Pande from the Engineering Corps currently holds the esteemed position of Chief of Army Staff. Taking over the reins on 30th April 2022, he succeeded Gen. Manoj Mukund Naravane. General Pande’s illustrious career includes roles as Vice Chief of Army Staff, Commander-in-Chief of Andaman and Nicobar Command, and General Officer-Commanding-in-Chief of the Eastern Command.
List of Chief of Army Staff (CoAS)
List of Indian Army Generals – Indian Army Chiefs
S.No.
Name
Rank
Tenure
Unit of Commission
1
General Sir Robert Lockhart
Commander-in-Chief
15 Aug 1947 to 31st Dec 1947
51 Sikhs Frontier Force
2
General Francis Robert Roy Bucher
Commander-in-Chief
21 June 1948 – 15 January 1949
Scottish Rifles
3
Field Marshal Kodandera Madappa Cariappa
Commander-in-Chief
16 January 1949 – 14 January 1953
Rajput Rifles
4
General Maharaj Rajendrasinhji Jadeja
Commander-in-Chief
15 January 1953 – 1 April 1955
2nd Lancers (Gardner’s Horse)
5
General Maharaj Rajendrasinhji Jadeja
Chief of Army Staff
1 April 1955 – 14 May 1955
2nd Lancers (Gardner’s Horse)
6
General Satyawant Mallana Sringesh
Chief of Army Staff
15 May 1955 – 7 May 1957
19th Hyderabad Regiment
7
General Kodandera Subayya Thimayya
Chief of Army Staff
8 May 1957 – 7 May 1961
19th Hyderabad Regiment
8
General Pran Nath Thapar
Chief of Army Staff
8 May 1961 – 19 November 1962
1st Punjab Regiment
9
General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
Chief of Army Staff
20 November 1962 – 7 June 1966
7th Light Cavalry
10
General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam
Chief of Army Staff
8 June 1966 – 7 June 1969
Regiment of Artillery
11
Field Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw
Chief of Army Staff
8 June 1969 – 15 January 1973
12th Frontier Force Regiment
12
General Gopal Gurunath Bewoor
Chief of Army Staff
16 January 1973 – 31 May 1975
Dogra Regiment
13
General Tapishwar Narain Raina
Chief of Army Staff
1 June 1975 – 31 May 1978
Kumaon Regiment
14
General Om Prakash Malhotra
Chief of Army Staff
1 June 1978 – 31 May 1981
Regiment of Artillery
15
General Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao
Chief of Army Staff
1 June 1981 – 31 July 1983
Mahar Regiment
16
General Arun Kumar Shridhar Vaidya
Chief of Army Staff
1 August 1983 – 31 January 1986
9th Deccan Horse
17
General Krishnaswamy Sundarji
Chief of Army Staff
1 February 1986 – 31 May 1988
Mahar Regiment
18
General Ashwa Nath Sharma
Chief of Army Staff
1 June 1988 – 30 June 1990
16th Light Cavalry
19
General Sunith Francis Rodrigues
Chief of Army Staff
1 July 1990 – 30 June 1993
Regiment of Artillery
20
General Bipin Chandra Joshi
Chief of Army Staff
1 July 1993 – 19 November 1994
64th Cavalry
21
General Shankar Roy Chowdhary
Chief of Army Staff
20 November 1994 – 30 September 1997
20th Lancers
22
General Ved Prakash Malik
Chief of Army Staff
1 October 1997 – 30 September 2000
Sikh Light Infantry
23
General Sundarajan Padmanabhan
Chief of Army Staff
1 October 2000 – 31 December 2002
Regiment of Artillery
24
General Nirmal Chander Vij
Chief of Army Staff
1 January 2003 – 31 January 2005
Dogra Regiment
25
General Joginder Jaswant Singh
Chief of Army Staff
1 February 2005 – 30 September 2007
Maratha Light Infantry
26
General Deepak Kapoor
Chief of Army Staff
1 October 2007 – 31 March 2010
Regiment of Artillery
27
General Vijay Kumar Singh
Chief of Army Staff
1 April 2010 – 31 May 2012
Rajput Regiment
28
General Bikram Singh
Chief of Army Staff
1 June 2012 – 31 July 2014
Sikh Light Infantry
29
General Dalbir Singh Suhag
Chief of Army Staff
1 August 2014 – 31 December 2016
5 Gorkha Rifles
30
General Bipin Rawat
Chief of Army Staff
31 December 2016 – 31 December 2019
11 Gorkha Rifles
31
General Manoj Mukund Naravane
Chief of Army Staff
31 December 2019 – 30 April 2022
7 Sikh Light Infantry
32
General Manoj Pande
Chief of Army Staff
30 April 2022 – Present
Corps of Engineers
CoAS Tenure and Benefits
An Army Chief’s tenure lasts either for three years or until the age of 62, depending on which milestone is reached first. They’re rewarded with a handsome salary (set by the 7th pay commission) of Rs 2,50,000 alongside various other perks.
Vice Chief of Army Staff
The Vice Chief of Army Staff, currently held by Lieutenant General M. V. Suchindra Kumar (since 01 March 2023), serves as the Army’s secondary commander.
Chief of Indian Army, Navy, and Air Force
The highest position across all defense forces – Army, Navy, and Air Force – is the Chief of Defence Staff (CDS). The inaugural CDS was General Bipin Rawat, who assumed office on 1st January 2020. Following his unfortunate demise in December 2021, Lt. General Anil Chauhan was appointed the next CDS in September 2022.
The Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs) has a notably low representation of women, prompting a parliamentary committee to urge the Union Home Ministry to actively promote female participation in the services. Furthermore, a recommendation was made to introduce reservations for transgenders.
In its most recent document, the committee suggested considering a policy that allows for more accommodating assignments for female officers rather than exposing them to particularly challenging work environments.
The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law, and Justice, chaired by BJP MP Sushil Kumar Modi, disclosed that as of September 30, 2022, women made up just 3.76% of personnel in the CAPFs and Assam Rifles.
Stressing on the need to augment the number of women in the forces, the committee stated in its 131st report that a major deterrent for women is the tough landscapes and demanding conditions they may encounter. Consequently, it proposed a policy that favors milder postings for women officers, except in dire situations such as wars or insurgencies where there’s a pronounced shortage of men available for deployment.
In its report, the committee also emphasized the importance of inclusivity by suggesting a reservation for transgenders, aiming to facilitate their seamless integration into mainstream society.
Highlighting the concerning data, the committee reported that only 3.65% of available positions for women in central forces have been occupied to date. The representation of women stands at about 14-15% in the BSF (Border Security Force) and SSB (Sashastra Seema Bal), 6.35% in the CISF (Central Industrial Security Force), and a mere 2.83% in the ITBP (Indo Tibetan Border Police).
The report, presented in Parliament, underscored the challenges preventing women from joining the forces and noted the absence of a specific reservation for women within the CAPFs.
The Manipur Police lodged a case against the Assam Rifles amid intensifying demands for the paramilitary force’s removal from the northeastern state. In key conflict regions, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) units have taken over positions previously held by AR troops. Nine Assam Rifles members are charged with “defying the law with an intent to harm by a public servant and hindering a public servant from performing their duty.”
Reports indicate that Assam Rifles personnel prevented the police from pursuing militants. The FIR, registered on August 5, contends that Assam Rifles staff obstructed police vehicles on the Kwakta Gothol route in Bishnupur district. While on Pholjang Road to conduct searches linked to an arms act case targeting Kuki militants, nine Assam Rifles personnel positioned their ‘Casper’ vehicle, effectively blocking the route.
Defence insiders have mentioned, “Assam Rifles were acting on directives from the command headquarters to uphold the integrity of the buffer zones between the Kuki and Meitei regions.”
Manipur Police’s recent FIR against the Assam Rifles stems from an altercation between the two entities last week. However, some security experts view the FIR as a “misrepresentation of justice.” They emphasize that the Assam Rifles was fulfilling their duty in maintaining the peace in the buffer zones between the Kuki and Meitei territories. Responding to these developments, the Army released a statement, highlighting a perceived attempt to tarnish their image and reaffirming their commitment to preventing violence.
In this article, you will learn about the power and duty of a Group Captain in the Indian Air Force. The Group Captain rank is a significant position, ranking above Wing Commander and below Air Commodore.
You will also discover that Group Captains command squadrons and helicopter units, as well as serve as chief operations officers of air force stations. Additionally, we will discuss the various appointments and responsibilities that Group Captains have at Air headquarters. Finally, you will gain insight into the promotion process to attain the prestigious rank of Group Captain.
Power and Duty of a Group Captain in Indian Air Force
Basic Information
Group Captain is a rank in the Indian Air Force, ranking above Wing Commander and below Air Commodore. It holds significant authority and responsibility within the organization. Moreover, Group Captain is equivalent to Colonel in the Indian Army and Captain in the Indian Navy.
History
On 06 March 1946, Subroto Mukerjee achieved the distinction of being the first Indian officer to be elevated to the acting rank of Group Captain. He took on the role of Group Captain (Plans & Training) at Air Headquarters.
Subroto Mukerjee, Former Chief of the Air Staff of India
Responsibilities
As Group Captains, you would be entrusted with commanding squadrons and helicopter units, ensuring their operational readiness and efficiency. Furthermore, you also take on the role of chief operations officer of air force stations, where you are responsible for strategic planning, resource management, and supervision of day-to-day operations. Additionally, you may hold various significant appointments at Air headquarters, including directors of directorates and branches.
Rank Denotation
The badges of rank consists of four sky blue bands, each on a slightly wider navy blue band. A group captain wears gorget patches which are blue patches with white braids. In addition to this, the blue grey terrywool tunic has four sleeve stripes consisting of a narrow bands.
Pennant of Group Captain
Rank insignia of a group captain of the Indian Air Force
Pay and Benefits
Group Captains fall under pay level 13, earning a monthly salary ranging from ₹130,600 to ₹215,900, supplemented by a monthly service pay of ₹15,500. This rank represents the first selection-grade level.
Promotion
Promotion to the rank of Group Captain can be achieved through two methods: selection or on a time-scale basis. The selection process involves a rigorous evaluation of an officer’s performance, leadership abilities, and potential for higher command positions. On the other hand, time-scale promotion is based on an officer’s length of service and satisfactory performance throughout their career.
Power and Duty of a Group Captain
Commanding Role: Group Captains may have the privilege of commanding an Air Force Station or an airbase. They might also be responsible for overseeing the operations and administration of the units under their jurisdiction.
Staff Appointments: A Group Captain can hold important staff appointments at Air Force Command or Air Headquarters. In these roles, they might be responsible for policy formulation, planning, or other administrative functions.
Operational Role: Group Captains with a flying background may still be involved in operational roles, such as piloting aircraft or overseeing flying operations.
Training: They might be appointed as the Commandant of training establishments where younger officers, cadets, or other ranks are trained.
Liaison and Diplomatic Roles: Group Captains might be posted in diplomatic missions or other inter-service or international liaison roles.
Specializations: Depending on their career specialization – be it flying, engineering, logistics, administration, or any other – a Group Captain could be entrusted with roles specific to that specialization.
Representation: As senior officers, they often represent the Air Force in inter-service or civil-military liaisons, conferences, and other official gatherings.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the rank of Group Captain in the Indian Air Force carries significant responsibilities and privileges. As a Group Captain, you would be entrusted with commanding squadrons and helicopter units, overseeing operations at air force stations, and holding various important appointments at Air headquarters. It is a position of great power and duty, requiring leadership, strategic planning, and operational expertise.
This article has provided an overview of the role and responsibilities of a Group Captain in the Indian Air Force. It has also highlighted the rank’s historical significance, denotation, and the pay and benefits associated with it. Additionally, the promotion process has been discussed, outlining the criteria for advancement to this esteemed position.
List of Wars Between India and Pakistan: An overview of the major conflicts, disputes, and military engagements that have taken place between the two countries. It will also discuss the ongoing tension and its implications for other nations. Additionally, the article will touch upon how these conflicts have been portrayed in popular culture, particularly in films. By the end of the article, readers will have a comprehensive understanding of the history and dynamics of the wars between India and Pakistan.
List of Wars Between India and Pakistan
The Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts have been ongoing since the Partition of British India in 1947. The dispute over Kashmir and cross-border terrorism have been major causes of conflict between India and Pakistan. This article provides an in-depth look at the various wars, skirmishes, and standoffs that have occurred between the two nations, as well as their international implications and portrayal in popular culture.
The First Kashmir War, also known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948, was the first military conflict between India and Pakistan after the partition. The dispute over Kashmir, a region with a Muslim majority but ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, sparked tensions between the two countries. As a result, both India and Pakistan claimed the territory and sent their forces to establish control.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
Causes and Trigger
The main cause of the First Kashmir War was the partition of British India and the subsequent issue of princely states choosing to join either India or Pakistan. The Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, initially chose to remain independent, but under pressure from both India and Pakistan, he signed the Instrument of Accession with India. This triggered Pakistan to send their troops into Kashmir, leading to open conflict.
Key Battles
Several key battles took place during the First Kashmir War. In October 1947, Pakistani tribal militias invaded Kashmir, capturing several towns and causing a mass exodus of Hindu and Sikh refugees. The Indian army intervened and fought to regain control of the territory. The battles of Uri, Baramulla, and Jammu were significant in this war.
Resolution and Aftermath
The war ended in January 1949 with the United Nations-mediated ceasefire, establishing a Line of Control (LoC) that divided Kashmir into Indian-administered and Pakistani-administered territories. However, the issue of Kashmir remains unresolved, leading to subsequent conflicts and tensions between the two nations.
Second Kashmir War
Overview and Context
The Second Kashmir War, also known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, was another major military conflict between India and Pakistan. This war was primarily fought over the disputed region of Kashmir, with both countries seeking to gain control over the territory.
Indian army soldier in Lahore
Major Incidents and Battles
The war saw several major incidents and battles, including the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and militants into Indian-administered Kashmir. The Battle of Chawinda, fought in September 1965, was a significant engagement where Indian and Pakistani forces clashed, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides.
International Involvement
The Second Kashmir War witnessed international involvement, most notably in the form of diplomatic efforts to broker peace and prevent further escalation. The United Nations Security Council passed a resolution urging a ceasefire, while the United States and other countries actively facilitated negotiations between India and Pakistan.
Outcome and Consequences
The war ended with a UN-mediated ceasefire in September 1965, with both sides claiming victory. The Line of Control was reaffirmed as the de facto border between Indian and Pakistani-controlled regions of Kashmir. The conflict further solidified the enmity between the two nations and led to the arms race in the region.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Causes and Political Context
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a major conflict between India and Pakistan, resulting in the creation of Bangladesh. The war was primarily driven by political and ethnic tensions in the former East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).
Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Major Offensives and Battles
The war saw several major offensives and battles, with Indian forces launching a military intervention in East Pakistan in support of the Bengali nationalist movement. The Battle of Longewala, fought in the western sector, was a notable engagement where Indian forces successfully repelled a much larger Pakistani force.
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 culminated in the Bangladesh Liberation War, which led to the secession of East Pakistan and the establishment of an independent Bangladesh. This war witnessed widespread atrocities committed by the Pakistani military against the Bengali population, leading to a humanitarian crisis.
International Impact and Consequences
The war had significant international impact, with major powers like the United States and China aligning themselves with either India or Pakistan. India’s victory in the war changed the geopolitical dynamics of South Asia and encouraged the growth of Indian regional influence. The war also strained India’s relations with Pakistan for years to come.
Kargil War
Background and Causes
The Kargil War, fought between May and July 1999, was a conflict between India and Pakistan in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir. The war was an escalation of tensions over the disputed region and involved Pakistani troops infiltrating into Indian territory.
Kargil War
Infiltration and Capturing of Positions
The conflict began with the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and militants into Indian-administered Kargil, capturing key strategic positions along the Line of Control. The surprise attack took the Indian forces by surprise, who then launched a counteroffensive to regain control.
Military Operations and Strategies
The Kargil War witnessed intense military operations and strategies, including air strikes, artillery bombardments, and ground assaults. The Indian Army launched “Operation Vijay,” which aimed at evicting the Pakistani intruders and securing Indian territory. The battle of Tololing and the recapture of Tiger Hill were crucial moments in this war.
Ceasefire and Aftermath
The war came to an end with a ceasefire in July 1999, brokered by the international community. Despite the ceasefire, tensions between India and Pakistan persisted, and the Kargil War had a lasting impact on the bilateral relations between the two nations.
Cross-Border Skirmishes and Standoffs
2001-2002 India-Pakistan Standoff
In the aftermath of the 2001 terrorist attacks on the Indian Parliament, India and Pakistan witnessed a military standoff that lasted from December 2001 to October 2002. Tensions escalated, with both countries mobilizing their troops and engaging in military exercises along the border. The standoff ended with diplomatic negotiations and efforts to de-escalate the situation.
2019 India-Pakistan Border Skirmishes
In February 2019, India and Pakistan once again experienced heightened tensions following a suicide bombing in Indian-administered Kashmir. Both countries engaged in cross-border skirmishes, resulting in casualties on both sides. International pressure and diplomatic efforts played a crucial role in the de-escalation of tensions.
Impact on Civilian Population
The cross-border skirmishes and standoffs have had a significant impact on the civilian population residing near the borders. Communities have been displaced, infrastructure damaged, and lives disrupted as a result of these clashes. The constant fear of hostilities has also taken a toll on the psychological well-being of the affected population.
Efforts and Initiatives for De-Escalation
Efforts to de-escalate tensions and promote peace between India and Pakistan have been made by various actors, including diplomatic negotiations, Track-II dialogues, and confidence-building measures. However, the underlying political and territorial disputes continue to hinder long-lasting peace in the region.
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
Root Causes and Initial Phase
The insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir has been a long-standing issue, rooted in political grievances, historical tensions, and aspirations for self-determination. The initial phase of the insurgency saw a rise in militant groups and separatist movements in Indian-administered Kashmir.
Separatist Movements and Militant Groups
The separatist movements in Jammu and Kashmir have sought greater autonomy or independence from India. These movements have been supported by various local political parties and have given rise to numerous militant groups, such as Hizbul Mujahideen and Lashkar-e-Taiba, which aim to establish an Islamic state in the region.
Counterinsurgency Operations
The Indian government has implemented counterinsurgency operations to combat the militant groups and restore law and order in Jammu and Kashmir. These operations involve a combination of military force, intelligence operations, and socio-economic development initiatives to address the root causes of the insurgency.
Human Rights Concerns
The insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir has been marred by allegations of human rights abuses, including extrajudicial killings, enforced disappearances, and torture. Both Indian security forces and militant groups have been accused of committing such violations, leading to a humanitarian crisis in the region.
Siachen Conflict
Territorial Dispute and Military Occupation
The Siachen conflict, also known as the Siachen Glacier conflict, is centered around the dispute over the Siachen Glacier region in the Karakoram Range. India and Pakistan both claim sovereignty over the region, leading to a military occupation by both sides.
Harsh Conditions and Environmental Impact
The Siachen Glacier is one of the highest battlefields in the world, with extreme weather conditions and inhospitable terrain. The conflict has resulted in numerous casualties due to avalanches, extreme cold, and altitude sickness. The militarization of the region has also had a severe environmental impact, with the accumulation of military waste and pollution.
Attempts at Resolution
Efforts have been made to resolve the Siachen conflict and demilitarize the region. In 2003, India and Pakistan agreed to a ceasefire and initiated talks on resolving the dispute. However, due to the complexities involved, the issue remains unresolved, and the military presence continues.
International Repercussions
The Siachen conflict has had international repercussions, with concerns over the escalation of tensions and the potential for a wider conflict between nuclear-armed India and Pakistan. The dispute has been a topic of discussion in various international forums, highlighting the need for a peaceful resolution.
Accusations of Supporting Insurgencies
Insurgency in Balochistan
India and Pakistan have accused each other of supporting insurgencies and destabilizing activities in their respective territories. Pakistan has alleged Indian involvement in the insurgency in Balochistan, a resource-rich province in Pakistan. India, on the other hand, denies these accusations and maintains that it supports the legitimate grievances of Baloch nationalists through diplomatic channels.
Afghanistan Conflict
Both India and Pakistan have been involved in the conflict in Afghanistan, with divergent interests and support for different factions. Pakistan has been accused of supporting militant groups like the Taliban, while India has provided economic assistance and developmental aid to the Afghan government. These competing interests have strained the relations between the two countries.
Proxy Warfare and Espionage Claims
Proxy warfare and espionage claims have further fueled tensions between India and Pakistan. Both countries have accused each other of carrying out covert operations and intelligence gathering activities across the border. These allegations have had a significant impact on bilateral relations and trust-building efforts.
Diplomatic Fallout
The accusations of supporting insurgencies and proxy warfare have led to diplomatic fallout between India and Pakistan. Relations have often been marred by trade restrictions, visa issues, the expulsion of diplomats, and the suspension of bilateral talks. The persistent mistrust and accusations hamper efforts to establish lasting peace and stability in the region.
Past Skirmishes and Standoffs
Operation Desert Hawk
Operation Desert Hawk was a large-scale military exercise conducted by the Indian Army in 1986 near the border with Pakistan. The exercise aimed to test the combat readiness and operational capabilities of the Indian forces. While the exercise was largely a show of strength, it escalated tensions between the two countries.
Operation Brasstacks
Operation Brasstacks was a military exercise conducted by the Indian Army in 1986-1987. The exercise involved a large deployment of troops and equipment near the western border with Pakistan. The operation raised concerns in Pakistan and contributed to the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan.
2008 Mumbai Attacks
The 2008 Mumbai attacks, perpetrated by the Pakistan-based militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba, severely strained bilateral relations. The attacks, which targeted various locations in Mumbai, resulted in the loss of many innocent lives. India held Pakistan responsible for the attacks, leading to a breakdown in diplomatic relations and a halt in the peace process.
Impact on Bilateral Relations
The past skirmishes and standoffs, along with the major incidents mentioned above, have had a profound impact on the bilateral relations between India and Pakistan. These conflicts have further deepened the mistrust and animosity, making the road to peace and reconciliation more challenging.
International Implications
Nuclear Arms Race
The ongoing conflicts and tensions between India and Pakistan have sparked a nuclear arms race in the region. Both countries possess nuclear weapons, and the potential for a nuclear confrontation has raised serious concerns among the international community. Efforts to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation remain critical for regional and global stability.
Global Diplomatic Efforts
Various global powers and international organizations have made diplomatic efforts to resolve the India-Pakistan conflicts. The United States, China, and other major powers have facilitated negotiations, offered mediation, and encouraged bilateral talks to reduce tensions and promote dialogue. The importance of international diplomacy in de-escalating conflicts cannot be overstated.
Role of United Nations
The United Nations has played a significant role in mediating and facilitating peace processes between India and Pakistan. The UN Security Council has passed resolutions urging ceasefire, respect for the Line of Control, and a peaceful resolution to the Kashmir conflict. The UN’s involvement highlights the recognition of the international community regarding the importance of stability in the region.
Geostrategic Significance
The conflicts between India and Pakistan have far-reaching geostrategic implications. The region’s location, proximity to Afghanistan and the Middle East, and its access to major waterways make it geopolitically significant. The interests of major global powers are often intertwined with the stability and security of South Asia, further complicating the resolution of conflicts.
Depiction in Popular Culture
Films from India
The conflicts between India and Pakistan have been a recurring theme in Indian cinema. Numerous Bollywood movies have depicted the wars, border tensions, and the human stories behind them. Films like “Haqeeqat,” “Border,” and “Uri: The Surgical Strike” have garnered commercial success while portraying the bravery and sacrifices of Indian soldiers.
Films from Pakistan
Similarly, Pakistani cinema has produced movies that depict the conflicts and tensions between India and Pakistan. Films like “War” and “Waar” explore themes of espionage, military operations, and the impact of conflicts on individuals and societies. These movies have garnered critical acclaim and have played a role in shaping public opinion.
Portrayal of Historical Events
The depiction of historical events in films and other forms of popular culture plays a crucial role in shaping public perceptions and understanding of conflicts. Both Indian and Pakistani movies have presented their interpretations of historical events, often reflecting the respective national narratives and highlighting their perspective on the conflicts.
Impact on Perceptions and Dialogue
The portrayal of conflicts in popular culture has the potential to influence public perceptions and reinforce stereotypes. It is essential to critically analyze these portrayals, recognize their limitations, and encourage dialogue and empathy. Artistic mediums can be powerful tools for promoting understanding and fostering peace between nations.
Conclusion
The conflicts between India and Pakistan have been marked by a long history of wars, skirmishes, and standoffs. The unresolved territorial disputes, cross-border terrorism, and competing national narratives have contributed to the persistent tensions between the two nations. It is crucial to recognize the human suffering caused by these conflicts and the urgent need for dialogue, diplomacy, and humanitarian efforts. Regional stability, global peace, and the well-being of the civilian population depend on the successful resolution of these conflicts.
The Indian Air Force (IAF) has received a significant upgrade to its capabilities with the acquisition of Israeli Spike Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) anti-tank guided missiles. These missiles, designed to destroy enemy targets concealed behind geographical features like mountains, are capable of striking targets up to 30 kilometers away. The successful delivery of the Spike NLOS missiles is set to heighten the IAF’s power, with trials for the sophisticated weapon system scheduled in the coming times.
These NLOS missiles will be integrated with the IAF’s Russian-origin fleet of Mi-17V5 helicopters. The unique combination is expected to significantly enhance the force’s capability to neutralize targets at long distances. Particularly, it will be highly effective against enemy targets and assets hidden behind challenging terrain features like mountains or hills.
Interest in these formidable missiles surged within the IAF nearly two years ago. The trigger was the deployment of a large number of tanks and infantry combat vehicles by the Chinese Army near the Line of Actual Control (LAC) opposite the Eastern Ladakh sector. Amidst the tense geopolitical climate, the inclusion of the Spike NLOS ATGMs in the IAF’s arsenal serves as a robust response to potential threats.
Israeli Spike Missile
At present, these Spike NLOS ATGMs have been ordered in limited quantities. However, the force plans to acquire more missiles through India’s “Make-in-India” initiative, demonstrating a commitment to indigenous production and reduced dependency on imports.
The Spike NLOS ATGMs, when launched from the air, are designed to execute precise strikes at ground targets from standoff distances. Their presence is anticipated to pose a considerable threat to enemy tank regiments, potentially inhibiting their advancements.
In recent years, both the Indian Army and the Air Force have substantially fortified their arsenal, incorporating both Indian and foreign weapons. This enhancement of military power has come in response to the aggression demonstrated by China.
The acquisition of the Spike NLOS ATGMs also resonates with the ethos of the IAF’s top brass, who have been emphasizing indigenization and support for domestic programs producing high-tech equipment and weaponry.
The Spike NLOS missile, a product of the Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, comes with impressive features. Available in various configurations, including man-portable, vehicle-launched, and helicopter-launched variants, it operates on a fire-and-forget system with lock-on before launch and automatic self-guidance capabilities. The long and extended range versions of the Spike introduce the “Fire, Observe and Update” operating mode, offering higher adaptability during operations.
The air-launched Spike NLOS ATGMs have demonstrated their capability to execute precise strikes from standoff distances, causing significant damage to enemy tank regiments. The missile ensures the highest level of survivability due to its stand-off range and passive guidance, effectively dealing with Anti-access/area denial (A2AD) targets.
In conclusion, the Indian Air Force’s acquisition of the Israeli Spike NLOS missiles marks a significant stride in the enhancement of India’s defense capabilities. The integration of this advanced weapon system not only promises an edge in the battlefield but also symbolizes a significant push towards indigenization of defense production.
Facilities Given To Indian Army Officer: There are many professions that are considered best, but living an Army officer’s life is best in its own way. Defence life has a special taste for the people living it that remaining people will never know. Apart from all the facilities they get, there is huge respect for all and the wonderful culture that exists inside the organization.
Many of us have nurtured the aspiration of serving in the Indian Army since our childhood, influenced by the stirring narratives of patriotic films. However, as we mature, practical considerations begin to shape our career choices. Whether one has graduated or just completed their 12th standard, myriad enticing career avenues are available. Yet, the allure of the Indian Army remains so potent that some even forgo opportunities at premier institutions like the IITs to embark on a journey as an Army officer. In this article, we’ll delve into the top 10 amenities and distinct allowances provided to officers of the Indian Army.
We present a compilation of various allowances granted to officers in the Indian Army. These allowances represent specific monetary compensations given to officers and other army personnel to address particular expenses and challenges. They are integrated into the basic salary.
No.
Allowance Name
Rank
Amount in ₹, Per Month
1.
Flying Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
25,000
Major and Equivalent
25,000
Captain and Equivalent
25,000
Lieutenant and Equivalent
25,000
2.
Field Area Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
10,500
Major and Equivalent
10,500
Captain and Equivalent
10,500
Lieutenant and Equivalent
10,500
3.
Modified Field Area Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
6,300
Major and Equivalent
6,300
Captain and Equivalent
6,300
Lieutenant and Equivalent
6,300
4.
Highly Active Field Area Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
16,900
Major and Equivalent
16,900
Captain and Equivalent
16,900
Lieutenant and Equivalent
16,900
5.
Counter Insurgency in Peace Area Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
10,500
Major and Equivalent
10,500
Captain and Equivalent
10,500
Lieutenant and Equivalent
10,500
6.
Counter Insurgency (CI Ops) in Field Area Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
16,900
Major and Equivalent
16,900
Captain and Equivalent
16,900
Lieutenant and Equivalent
16,900
7.
Counter Insurgency in Modified Area Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
13,013
Major and Equivalent
13,013
Captain and Equivalent
13,013
Lieutenant and Equivalent
13,013
8.
High Altitude Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
CAT-1 = 3,400
CAT-2 = 5,300
CAT-3 = 25,000
Major and Equivalent
CAT-1 = 3,400
CAT-2 = 5,300
CAT-3 = 25,000
Captain and Equivalent
CAT-1 = 3,400
CAT-2 = 5,300
CAT-3 = 25,000
Lieutenant and Equivalent
CAT-1 = 3,400
CAT-2 = 5,300
CAT-3 = 25,000
9.
Para Allowance
Lieutenant Colonel and Equivalent and Above
10,500
Major and Equivalent
10,500
Captain and Equivalent
10,500
Lieutenant and Equivalent
10,500
10.
Siachen Allowance
42,500
Key Facilities and Allowances for Indian Army Officers
Canteen Facility:
Known as a premier facility for officers.
Goods, including electronics, available at concessional rates at CSD.
Concessions on two-wheelers and four-wheelers.
Medical Facilities:
Covers medical expenses for officers and their dependents.
Access to Army, Air Force, and Navy Hospitals.
Sports:
Active promotion and encouragement of sports.
Well-maintained complexes for sports like Golf, Football, Volleyball, Basketball.
Regular sports tournaments organized.
Education:
Grants for higher education after 10 years of service.
Transport:
Provision of a car, including a driver (e.g., Tata Safari).
Concessions on railway and airfare.
Adventurous Activities:
Encouragement of activities like Skydiving, Mountaineering, Trekking, Motorsports, Rowing.
Regular adventure camps conducted.
Notable: Brigadier Saurabh Singh Shekhawat’s three ascents of Mt. Everest.
Accommodation:
Furnished housing at nominal rates with spacious gardens.
Located in the scenic Cantonment Area.
Insurance:
Insurance coverage of 75 Lakh ₹.
Pension:
Pension entitlement after 20 years of service (50% of last drawn salary).
Disability pension also provided.
Membership of Clubs:
Various clubs for recreational activities.
Regular meet-ups and events organized.
Other Facilities Given To Indian Army Officer
Promotion to higher ranks as per authorization.
Free rations, CSD facilities and medical facilities to self and dependents when embodied for training, military service or on Permanent Staff.
Facilities of leave, leave encashment, accommodation and leave travel concessions when embodied for training, military service or on Permanent Staff.
Entitlement to all medals and awards as applicable to the Regular Army.
Rank Pay as applicable to Regular Army.
DA as applicable during service embodiment.
Special increments on completion of 3 to 5 Annual Training Camps.
Entitlement of pension for officers with 20 years and JCOs and Other Ranks with 15 years aggregate embodied service (actual physical service).
Facilities of Army Welfare Housing Organisation after 10 years of embodied/ physical service.
Terminal gratuity at the time of discharge/ retirement (other than civil Govt employees).
Ex-servicemen status and free medical facilities to pensioners.
Certain State Govts and Departments give the following incentives to TA personnel:-Cash awards varying from Rs 2500/- to Rs 5000/- by State Govts on award of TA Decoration/ TA Medal.
Mufti allowance and lump sum daily allowance by departments like ONGC and IOC.
The infantry soldier of the Indian Army stands as one of the most battle-hardened and combat-ready warriors globally. These soldiers, forming the backbone of the infantry regiments, engage and neutralize enemies in close combat scenarios, be it during aggressive assaults or tenacious defense stances.
Infantry Regiments of Indian Army
Their gear, structure, and training are meticulously tailored to excel in close combat, ensuring that their assault is bolstered by potent firepower. Additionally, they provide critical administrative support to units within their regiments.
An infantry regiment acts as the principal component of an infantry division. However, it’s essential to understand that it represents a military organizational entity rather than a field formation in action. The battalions within an infantry regiment don’t always operate as a unified formation. Instead, they are often distributed across various military structures such as brigades, divisions, and corps. Presented below is a comprehensive list of the Indian Army’s esteemed Infantry regiments.
What is Infantry?
Infantry refers to soldiers who fight primarily on foot, moving by various means, from marching to vehicles, and engaging the enemy with personal weapons. These soldiers are trained to fight in diverse terrains and conditions, relying mostly on their personal weapons and equipment. Here’s a more detailed overview of infantry:
Definition
Infantry can be defined as soldiers specially trained to fight on foot. They represent a significant part of any military force and often bear the brunt of ground combat.
Weapons and Equipment
Infantry soldiers, often called “infantrymen” or “riflemen,” are usually equipped with small arms like rifles, machine guns, and hand grenades. Depending on their role and the era, they might also be equipped with a variety of other weapons, such as anti-tank rockets or portable missile systems. Their equipment often includes body armor, helmets, communication devices, and other gear necessary for survival and combat on the battlefield.
Tactics and Operations
Infantry performs various roles on the battlefield, from holding and securing areas, assaulting enemy positions, urban combat, to conducting reconnaissance and patrol duties. They often operate closely with armor (tanks) and artillery units.
Types of Infantry
There are specialized types of infantry, including:
Mechanized Infantry: Equipped with armored personnel carriers or infantry fighting vehicles, allowing them to move rapidly on the battlefield.
Light Infantry: Primarily designed for rapid movement and can operate in regions not suitable for vehicles.
Airborne Infantry: Delivered to the battlefield by aircraft, usually through parachuting.
Mountain Infantry: Specialized for fighting in mountainous terrain.
Jungle Infantry: Trained for combat in jungle environments.
Marine Infantry: Specialized troops trained to fight in amphibious operations, usually a part of naval forces.
Historical Importance
The role of infantry can be traced back through thousands of years of warfare, from ancient phalanxes to medieval foot soldiers and modern-day riflemen. Though the equipment, tactics, and training have evolved, the fundamental role of the infantry—to close with and defeat the enemy—remains consistent.
Role of Infantry Regiments in the Indian Army
The Infantry, often referred to as the “Queen of the Battle”, plays a fundamental and pivotal role in the Indian Army. Here is an overview of the role of Infantry regiments in the Indian Army:
Close Combat: The primary role of infantry is to engage and neutralize the enemy in close combat, either during assaults or defensive operations.
Holding Ground: Infantry regiments are essential for holding ground in any territorial defense operation. They can sustain prolonged combat operations and are equipped to hold onto positions even under severe enemy pressure.
Counter-Insurgency Operations: Indian Infantry units, due to their intensive training, play a crucial role in counter-insurgency operations, especially in regions like Jammu & Kashmir and the Northeast.
Mountain Warfare: Given India’s varied terrain, especially the rugged mountainous regions in the north, infantry regiments are specially trained for mountain warfare. Units like the Ladakh Scouts and the Gorkha Rifles are expert mountaineers.
Jungle Warfare: With regions like the Northeast covered in thick jungles, infantry regiments undergo specialized training for jungle warfare to operate effectively in such environments.
Desert Warfare: Given the desert regions along the western border, some infantry units are specially trained for desert warfare.
Amphibious Operations: Certain infantry units are trained to undertake amphibious operations, which involve attacking enemy positions from the sea.
Urban Warfare: With changing dynamics of modern warfare, infantry is increasingly being trained for urban warfare operations, ensuring minimal collateral damage.
Peacekeeping: Indian Infantry regiments have been actively involved in United Nations peacekeeping missions around the world.
Reconnaissance and Patrols: Infantry units often undertake reconnaissance missions and patrols, especially in hostile or disputed territories, to gather intelligence and maintain a constant presence.
Rapid Deployment: In times of emergencies or immediate threats, infantry regiments are often the first to be deployed given their adaptability and extensive training.
Humanitarian Operations: In times of natural disasters or other emergencies within the country, infantry regiments play a crucial role in rescue, relief, and rehabilitation operations.
Regiment vs Battalion
Both “regiment” and “battalion” refer to military units, but they differ in size, function, and level of command. Here’s a breakdown of the differences between a regiment and a battalion:
Size and Composition:
Regiment: A regiment is typically larger than a battalion. It can be composed of multiple battalions, along with additional support elements. The specific number of battalions within a regiment can vary based on the country and the specific branch of the military.
Battalion: A battalion is a sizable military unit that typically consists of 300 to 1,000 soldiers. It is usually made up of several companies and has a headquarters company or element.
Command:
Regiment: Commanded by a Colonel or sometimes a Brigadier (depending on the country and branch of service). The second-in-command is often a Lieutenant Colonel.
Battalion: Commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel, with a Major often serving as the executive officer or second-in-command.
Function:
Regiment: Historically, the regiment was a tactical and administrative unit. In modern militaries, its tactical significance has diminished in some cases, and it often serves more as a ceremonial or administrative grouping.
Battalion: A battalion is a basic tactical unit capable of independent operations on a limited scale. It has all the elements required for sustained combat (infantry, support, and sometimes even armor), but on a smaller scale than a brigade or division.
Usage and Variability:
Regiment: The usage of regiments varies greatly among different countries and services. In some armies, the regiment remains a significant tactical entity, while in others, it’s more of a ceremonial or lineage designation.
Battalion: Battalions are common across almost all armies and represent a standardized tactical unit. They are often the basic deployable unit that can operate independently and be assigned tasks on the battlefield.
Examples:
Regiment: In the Indian Army, regiments like “Gorkha Regiment” or “The Parachute Regiment” have several battalions under them.
Battalion: An example would be the “9th Battalion, Gorkha Regiment.” Here, “9th Battalion” specifies a particular battalion within the larger “Gorkha Regiment” regiment.
Infantry Regiments Motto and War Cry
Regiment
Active From
Regimental Center
Motto
War Cry
Madras Regiment
1758
Wellington, Tamil Nadu
“Swadharme nidhanam shreyaha”
“Veera Madrassi, Adi Kollu, Adi Kollu”
Rajputana Rifles
1775
Delhi Cantonment, Delhi
“Veer bhogya vasundhara”
“Raja Ramachandra ki jai”
Rajput Regiment
1778
Fatehgarh, Uttar Pradesh
“Sarvatra vijay”
“Bol Bajrang Bali Ki jai”
Dogra Regiment
1877
Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh
“Kartavyam anvatma”
“Jawala Mata ki jai”
Sikh Regiment
1846
Ramgarh Cantonment, Jharkhand
“Nischay kar apni jeet karon”
“Jo bole So Nihal, sat sri akal”; “Wahe Guruji Da Khalsa, Wahe Guruji Di Fateh”
Jat Regiment
1795
Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
“Sangathan va veerta”
“Jat balwan, jai bhagwan”
Parachute Regiment
1945
Bengaluru, Karnataka
“Shatrujeet”
“Balidan Param Dharma”
Punjab Regiment
1761
Ramgarh Cantonment, Jharkhand
“Sthal wa jal”
“Jo bole So Nihal, sat sri akal”; “Bol Jawala Ma ki jai”
The Grenadiers
1778
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
“Naam, Namak, Nishan”
“Sarvada shaktishali”
Sikh Light Infantry
1944
Fatehgarh, Uttar Pradesh
“Deg teg fateh”
“Jo bole So Nihal, sat sri akal”
Maratha Light Infantry
1768
Belgaum, Karnataka
“Duty, honour, courage”
“Bola Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ki jai”; “Temlai Mata ki Jai”; “Har Har Mahadev”
The Garhwal Rifles
1887
Lansdowne, Uttarakhand
“Yudhaya krit nischya”
“Badri Vishal Lal ki jai”
Kumaon Regiment
1813
Ranikhet, Uttarakhand
“Parakramo vijayate”
“Kalika Mata ki jai”; “Bajrang Bali ki jai”; “Dada Kishan ki jai”
Assam Regiment
1941
Shillong, Meghalaya
“Assam vikram”
“Rhino charge”
Bihar Regiment
1941
Danapur, Bihar
“veerta se yudh par”
“Bajrang Bali Ki Jai”; “Har Har Mahadev”
Mahar Regiment
1815
Saugor, Madhya Pradesh
“Yash sidhi”
“Bolo Hindustan ki jai”
Jammu & Kashmir Rifles
1821
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
“Prashata ranvirta”
“Durga Mata ki jai”
Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry
1947
Awantipora, Jammu and Kashmir
“Balidanam vir lakshanam”
“Bharat Mata ki jai”
Naga Regiment
1970
Ranikhet, Uttarakhand
“Parakramo vijayate”
“Jai Durga Naga”
1 Gorkha Rifles
1815
Subathu, Himachal Pradesh
“Kayar hunu bhanda marnu ramro”
“Jai Ma Kali, ayo Gorkhali”
3 Gorkha Rifles
1815
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
“Kayar hunu bhanda marnu ramro”
“Jai Ma Kali, ayo Gorkhali”
4 Gorkha Rifles
1857
Sabathu, Himachal Pradesh
“Kayar hunu bhanda marnu ramro”
“Jai Ma Kali, ayo Gorkhali”
5 Gorkha Rifles
1858
Shillong, Meghalaya
“Shaurya evam nistha”
“Jai Ma Kali, ayo Gorkhali”
8 Gorkha Rifles
1824
Shillong, Meghalaya
“Kayar hunu bhanda marnu ramro”
“Jai Ma Kali, ayo Gorkhali”
9 Gorkha Rifles
1817
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
“Kayar hunu bhanda marnu ramro”
“Jai Ma Kali, Ayo Gorkhali”
11 Gorkha Rifles
1918-1922; from 1948
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
“Yatraham vijayastatra”
“Jai Ma Kali, Ayo Gorkhali”
Ladakh Scouts
1963
Leh, Ladakh
N/A
“Ki ki so so Lhargyalo”
Arunachal Scouts
2010
Rayang, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh
N/A
N/A
Sikkim Scouts
2013
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
N/A
N/A
In essence, the Infantry is the backbone of the Indian Army, representing its grit, resilience, and versatility. The wide range of roles they play ensures that the nation remains secure from both internal and external threats.
The inaugural batch of Agniveers celebrated their Passing Out Parade at several Regimental Centres, marking the end of their intense military training. They’re now poised to join their primary units, ready to serve the nation with bravery and commitment.
Agniveer Indian Army Passing Out Parade Pictures
Passing Out Parade held at LSRC #Leh .Marks the entry of 141 #Agniveer recruits into the Ladakh Scouts Regiment .Brig (Dr) B D Mishra (Retd), Hon’ble Lt Governor, UT Ladakh was the Reviewing officer.
Glimpse from the Agniveer Passing Out Parade held yesterday at Sikh Regimental Centre. pic.twitter.com/qIO7mITvMZ
In a historic Passing Out Parade, the First Batch of Agniveers has been dedicated to the Nation at the auspicious Kila Hari Drill Square of the Punjab Regiment Centre, Ramgarh.
An impressive passing out parade held at 39 GORKHA TRAINING CENTRE #Varanasi piloted 10 Agniveers to cross the ‘Antim Pag’ & enter into the folds of 3 & 9 #GorkhaRifles of the #Indian Army.
Civilian firearm ownership in India is regulated by the Arms Act of 1959 and Arms Rules of 2016. The law allows for the possession of firearms by civilians subject to certain criteria. However, the firearms that civilians can own are limited to certain categories and have restrictions on calibre, barrel length, and other features.
Sniper rifles, due to their long range and high power, are generally considered military-grade equipment and are typically not allowed for civilian ownership. Further, semi-automatic and fully-automatic firearms are also generally restricted to law enforcement and military use.
There seems to be a surplus of inquiries concerning sniper rifles. However, it’s essential to recognize that any contemporary firearm can function as a sniper rifle when operated by a proficient and dedicated marksman. The age-old adage, “Practice makes perfect,” is particularly applicable to this area. If you acquire a reliable modern rifle, attach a precise and high-powered scope to it, and consistently train, you can become an adept sniper.
Can I buy Sniper Rifle in India?
Unfortunately, purchasing a sniper rifle in India isn’t feasible as there are no domestic manufacturers. Nevertheless, importing one is a possibility, albeit with significant restrictions.
The Indian Army utilizes the Dragunov rifle, which has proven its worth. However, the key takeaway here is that training is paramount to become a sniper, regardless of the weapon.
Purchasing a sniper rifle, or any firearm in India for civilian use is heavily regulated by the Indian Arms Act of 1959. Sniper rifles are not typically available for civilian purchase, as they’re often categorized as military-grade weapons.
